The Treatment Of Breast Cancer - 1248 Words

Breast Cancer Surgeries that Involve Removal of the Entire Breast A modified radical mastectomy – during this procedure, the surgical oncologist removes the entire cancerous breast, the lining that rests above the chest muscles as well as most of the patient’s lymph nodes that are located under her arm. In addition, patients may also need to have a portion of their chest wall muscle removed. A total mastectomy (simple mastectomy) – during this procedure, the oncologist removes the entire breast. During the same surgery (or after), the oncologist may remove some of the lymph nodes that are located under the patient’s arm. These lymph nodes are collected so that they can be biopsied. A separate incision is required to obtain these samples. Other Types of Mastectomies A Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy The surgical oncologist’s job is to remove all of the cancerous breast tissue; subsequently, Dr. Gershenbaum’s task is to reconstruct the patient’s breasts so they appear as natural-looking as possible. By having an experienced surgical oncologist and reconstructive surgeon, the chances of a successful outcome, without compromise is greatly improved. While Dr. G can reconstruct the patient a new nipple and areola, the preservation of this area during a mastectomy (when it is feasible) is beneficial to the patient’s final aesthetic results. Once complete, some nipple-sparing reconstructions resemble the results achieved through a cosmetic breast augmentation. The surgicalShow MoreRelatedBreast Cancer Treatment1620 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Treatment Breast cancer is turning to be one of the top killer women in the world. This kind of cancerous tumor is attacking breast tissue of woman. A disease in which abnormal cells in the breast divide and multiply in an uncontrolled fashion. The cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to others part of the body and start to kill the organ one by one. By giving a breast cancer treatment will decrease the number of populationRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1309 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factorsRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1134 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer affects so many women around the world. Even with the technology and medicine we have today to treat this deadly disease, the pain a patient experiences with breast cancer is still relentless. Pain comes from either progression of the disease or a side effect from treatment. In this article they talk about the role of the WHO’s three step analgesic ladder and how the administration of opioids for breast cancer patients experiencing pain effect ones psychological state and their qualityRead MoreBreast Cancer And Cancer Treatment1253 Words   |  6 Pagesof a cancer makes people anxious and terrified. There are many different types of cancers, in which are not less dangerous then the other, if not caught on time. Although it is the year 2015 and there has been an extraordinary amount of medical advances in cancer treatment, there is still no cure. This leads to mysterious thoughts of cancer returning, to people all over the world. Cancer in the bones can play an enormous part in other body parts if not caught on time. Cancers such as breast, lungRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1761 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is the third commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia and the most common in women. This report sets out to investiage the main pathologies of breast cancer including its aetiology, demographics in Australia and how it metastasies. It than explores the main 99mTc based radiopharmaceuticals used in bone imaging for the detection of these metastases and quantitively compares them, to determine the superiority of each. Finally the report compares the efficacy of bone scans comparedRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer950 Words   |  4 Pageskeep your body functioning correctly. When a cancer or a disease attacks healthy cells, it overtakes the entire cell’s functions and rapidly multiplies into other corrupt cells. It is very important to the safety of a person’s life to be educated on the effects of cancer and how to detect them, because it is a wildfire like disease, once it has spread it is extremely hard to control. Breast cancer intrigues me because I have a high risk of getting this cancer due to my family history; from my great auntsRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay2235 Words   |  9 Pagesher sexual condition after treatment who said ‘your ovaries are expired like an old lady’. At this point of the interview Asma cried because she felt different and experienced symptoms not associated with her age group. †¢ Role Having breast cancer affected women in carrying out their roles as mother, wife, sister and employee. Azizah and Sahrah explained how their roles shifted from being caregiver for their family to care receiver. My sister had breast cancer, she was on the second cycleRead MoreEssay on Breast Cancer Treatment1316 Words   |  6 Pages Breast Cancer Treatment nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Only lung cancer kills more women each year in the United States than breast cancer does. The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that over 184,000 new cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in women in 1996 (ACS Breast). Although these statistics are alarming, there are a number of treatment options available for those that are diagnosed with breast cancer. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The best way to treat any disease is to prevent itRead MoreCauses And Treatments Of Breast Cancer1587 Words   |  7 PagesWHAT IS CANCER? Cancer can be said to be a generic term for a large collection of diseases that can have an effect on any part of the body, it can be sometimes called malignant tumors and neoplasms. In other words, cancer can be defined as the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond their normal boundaries, which are capable of invading adjoining parts of the body and spread through to the organs. However, this process is referred to as metastasis, which is the major cause of death fromRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Breast Cancer Essay1032 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancers are classified by several classifications as: - Histopathology - Grades - Stages - Receptor status. Each of these influences the prognosis and can affect treatment response. Description of a breast cancer optimally includes all of these factors: †¢ Histopathology: Breast cancer is usually classified primarily by its histological appearance. Most breast cancers are derived from the epithelium lining the ducts or lobules, and these cancers are classified as ductal or lobular carcinoma

Why We Write Free Essays

Have you ever stopped in the middle of what you were doing and just asked yourself: â€Å"What am I doing?† This isn’t a philosophical or existential question. While trying to write this essay, I find myself asking â€Å"What exactly am I doing?† The obvious answer would be writing, or struggling to. But as my mind, like an insatiably curious child, started asking an endless stream of â€Å"Whys† and â€Å"Hows† I became more aware of this act that seems to be taken for granted. We will write a custom essay sample on Why We Write or any similar topic only for you Order Now Writing is so ingrained in our human society and our lives that we barely even notice it or care to think about its significance. Yet it would be almost impossible for us to live without it. That is because writing is a physical and visual representation of language; it is a form of communication. Writing is a practical necessity that allows us to connect with each other and share our thoughts, and it is also a means for cultural and artistic expression. Through writing we can pass down and communicate knowledge from one generation to the next, which is a fundamental factor in the progress of human society. How did it all start? Oral language developed tens of thousands of years ago when our early ancestors began living in communities and the need for coordination and communication arose. Written language, however, was created much later in the cradle of human civilization known as Mesopotamia. The existence of civilization entails the appearance of cities and long-distance trade, and finding a way to communicate over great distance became necessary for humans. As evidenced by discovered pieces of clay with pictographs on them, the traders and merchants of the city-states of Sumer discovered writing to coordinate their trade. As with oral language, written language may have developed out of a practical necessity, and has since proven to be useful and important in our human society. Even in our contemporary times we still use writing for pragmatic purposes when we want to communicate information to others. We have been doing it for the greater part of our lives, and even something as simple as texting a friend constitutes writing. Texting is an example which shows that through a visual manifestation of language we can communicate with others and overcome the limitations of time and space. But we don’t communicate through writing for practical reasons alone. We also communicate to share the unique inner workings of our creativity. Literature is a prime example of that. It can reflect our innermost passions, ideas and values as well as those of a particular culture. Through literature, writing is intricately woven into our lives as a form of personal, artistic and cultural expression which has the capacity to change and influence society. We read and analyze written works created hundreds of years ago to observe the impact that they’ve had on societies of different times and places. Take for example the writings of the ancient Greek poet Homer, the author of the now classic epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. It does not take an in-depth literary analysis to understand that the cultural values of the ancient Greeks were high reverence to their gods and the divine laws. In both works it is repeatedly shown what befalls those who disrespect and disobey any of the gods. For instance, when King Agamemnon refuses to release the captured Chrysies, the daughter of a priest of Apollo, the sun god descends from Mount Olympus to rain pestilence on the Greek army. It is thanks to writing that these epic poems, formerly passed down through oral tradition, have reached us and allowed us to better understand the society and values of the ancient Greek civilization. However, there is no rule that an author’s writing should necessarily reflect their culture. There are works of writing that are the personal expression of the author and can serve as critiques of the current societal values and as innovations in literature. Many writers are actually pioneers in this sense, inventing new genres or challenging the status quo. Mary Shelley, at just 19 years of age, had created one of the world’s first science fiction novels, Frankenstein, and pioneered a genre. Emily Brontà «, on the other hand, challenged the social norms of her time with Wuthering Heights. These examples illustrate that writing is not only a means of cultural or self-expression but an act of constant innovation. The authors’ works do not only show the beliefs of their society during those times, but also criticize those beliefs and serve as a push during the transition between time periods. And even today these are relevant and popular works of art which allow us to analyze the values and norms of the past and to see how the ideas of these writers have influenced and changed our world. These cultural and personal expressions have withstood the test of time and reached all the way to our present day world. It is thanks to the development of writing that we now have a practical way to communicate our thoughts and our creative ideas to each other. And as we saw with the literary examples, communication through writing transcends the boundaries of space and time. Innovations and discoveries that were made hundreds of years ago and far away from us are now within our reach because writing has been an essential factor in the preservation and communication of human knowledge over the centuries. Writing has been crucial for the accumulation and innovation of human knowledge. By preserving and communicating information over the generations we learn from the discoveries and inventions made in the past and strive to improve upon them to better our world and future. We enjoy the luxuries of today thanks to the pioneering and innovating work of the great minds that came before us. Our world is shaped by the ideas and discoveries of the past which are woven into our society thanks to the development of writing. As I draw to the end of this essay, I find writing even more fascinating than ever before. In essence, writing is like a river that carries human experience, knowledge and wisdom forward in time, but it also allows us to look back to our past. Thanks to it we have experienced and learned about ideas, sciences and arts which have existed hundreds of years ago and far away from us. Writing has allowed us to express ourselves and share our beliefs about the world. It has given us the opportunity to gaze upon the reflection of our world, and to strive to make it better than what it was. Right now we stand in the middle of a vast infinity. What the generations of the future will learn about us and our legacy will greatly depend on our writing now. How to cite Why We Write, Papers

Electric Deregulation Essay Research Paper In the free essay sample

Electric Deregulation Essay, Research Paper In the past electricity pricing was controlled by ordinance. The roots of modern twenty-four hours ordinance can be traced all the manner back to the late 1800 # 8217 ; s and found in the signifier of antimonopoly. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the U.S. authorities had formed many regulative committees. The chief end of these regulative committees was to make a sensible rate construction that would be appealing to both manufacturers and consumers. While this system has worked for many old ages, it finally came under heavy unfavorable judgment. Many people wanted unfastened competition among electric power manufacturers. Although this was one time believed to be an impossible proposal many provinces have accomplish it. Massachusetts is merely one province where statute law applied to make competition among electric power manufacturers is non merely favored by the people of the province, but has besides provided important rate decreases as good. The term ordinance refers to authorities limitations on houses? determinations over monetary value, measure, and entry and issue. Each factor of an industry must be regulated for manufacturers and consumers to truly benefit. The control of monetary value does non intend puting one fixed monetary value, but involves the creative activity of a monetary value construction for buying electricity during extremum and non-peak times. The control of measure refers to the authorities # 8217 ; s try to command the sum produced. For illustration, in the electric industry, it does non do sense to hold a batch of little power workss produce electricity. However, at the same clip one company can non be allowed to monopolise the industry and set monetary values at its ain discretion. Another factor in this job is the control of entry and issue in the electric industry. By commanding who can come in the industry, the authorities can command who produces the electricity and how much of it they produ ce. The effort at modulating monetary value in the electric industry is a complex 1. The thought is non merely to minimise the cost to consumers, but besides to make a rate construction that will lure the electric company to stay in the industry. The regulative committee wants the electric company to hold a ground to introduce so that they will be able to supply cheaper power in the hereafter. However, if the committee captures all additions from invention in the signifier of lower monetary values, so the electric company has less incentive to set about any type of invention. Therefore, a via media must be reached which would supply equal inducements for houses to set about cost-reducing actions while at the same clip guaranting that the monetary value for consumers is non inordinate. When the effectivity of ordinance started to be questioned there began an development to a more competitory market. Ever since the Public Utility Act of 1935, which created the Federal Power Commission was passed into statute law, the inquiry has ever remained: has electric ordinance made a difference? Major surveies conducted throughout the twentieth century found conflicting consequences. A survey published in 1962 conducted by Stigler and Friedland compared the monetary value of electricity in provinces with ordinance to the monetary value in provinces without ordinance. However, at the clip all provinces had electric ordinance, so Stigler and Friedland had to travel back to the 1920 # 8217 ; s and 1930 # 8217 ; s to happen provinces without ordinance. They found what they had expected. In 1922, the mean monetary value of electricity was 2.44 cents per kilowatt-hour in provinces with ordinance. However, in provinces without ordinance, the mean monetary value increased to 3.87 ce nts per kilowatt-hour. Stigler and Friedland controlled the analysis of other variables to do certain that monetary values did non vary for grounds other than ordinance and found that they didn? T. Some differing critics felt that this survey was done in a clip when ordinance was merely acquiring started, and that regulators in the present twenty-four hours are more effectual. Two other surveies, which found different consequences were those conducted by Meyer and Leland and another done by Greene and Smiley. In Meyer and Leland? s survey, which used informations from 1969 and 1974 they utilized econometric estimations of demand and costs to happen conjectural unregulated monetary values. Their decision was that the regulated monetary values were significantly lower, but that even lower monetary values were demanded. In a similar survey conducted by Greene and Smiley, they found that unregulated monetary values were 20-50 % higher than existent regulated monetary values. Although th ese surveies seem to make decisions that support ordinance, the alternate determination by Leland and Meyer that even lower monetary values were demanded seems to be an indicant towards unfastened competition among electric manufacturers. Soon thenceforth, the tendency toward competition between electric manufacturers began to emerge. The transition of the Energy Policy Act in 1992 created the first agencies of competition among electric companies by giving the authorities power to order companies to # 8220 ; wheel # 8221 ; power from one company, over their ain lines, to another company. In 1990, there were over 3,000 electric systems in the U.S. entirely, and most of them were publically owned. However, the 267 in private owned public-service corporations accounted for 71 % of the sale of electricity. Besides, most of these in private owned public-service corporations own the power workss, the substations, the transmittal lines, and the distribution systems. Having in most topographic points merely one local company commanding coevals, transmittal and distribution created local monopolies. This jurisprudence allowed other companies to come into the market. These companies didn? Ts have to command all three separat e facets of the electricity industry ; they could concentrate on merely one or two. They would besides supply lower monetary values since now they were viing for their clients. It was besides easier to come in the market because the lines were already at that place and the new companies were allowed to utilize them. This jurisprudence didn? t do much for the person but it helped out larger industries. Soon after statute law such as the Massachusetts Electric Utility Industry Restructuring Act was signed into jurisprudence November 25, 1997, and upheld with the transition of Issue 4 in the general election on November 4, 1998. This piece of statute law has allowed single consumers to take their power provider, and has led to decreased monetary values without ordinance. The Massachusetts Electricity Law was developed over three old ages with input and support from consumer advocators, little concerns and big employers, energy suppliers and experts, labour and environmental groups. The chief aim of the new jurisprudence was to let Massachusetts consumers to take their electricity provider by interrupting up the public-service corporation monopolies, and making competition that will take to take down rates in the hereafter. Under the new jurisprudence, local electric companies still ain and maintain the wires that bring the electricity to places and concerns, but consumers are now able to take the company that provides the electricity they use. The distribution of electricity remains regulated to guarantee dependable service to all consumers and to put distribution rates based on cost and public presentation, non at market monetary values. However, competitory power providers whose monetary values for electricity are non regulated now provide the coevals of electricity. In add-on to interrupting up the public-service corporation monopolies, the new jurisprudence besides provides electricity rate cuts to consumers while they choose which company to purchase their electricity from. The rates were guaranteed to drop 15 % , with 10 % coming by March 1, 1998 and another 5 % oc curring by September 1, 1999, and the jurisprudence provides a rate cap to lock these lower rates in for old ages to come. The jurisprudence besides provides the chance to extinguish gross revenues revenue enhancement on electricity transmittal costs for non-industrial concerns, salvaging this sector an estimated $ 30 million a twelvemonth. The jurisprudence besides created a 10 % rate price reduction for husbandmans and others in the agricultural industry. Therefore, under the new system, your local electric company still delivers electricity to your place or concern. However, you can buy the electricity from the local company at the guaranteed minimal rate decrease, or you can take to purchase your electricity from another viing provider if you decide that company offers better rates. In add-on to take downing rates and leting consumers to take their power providers, the new jurisprudence besides provides many other footings designed to protect the consumer. The jurisprudence requ ires all competitory power providers to be registered with the province Department of Telecommunications and Energy, and besides requires the providers to go on to supply dependable service. The jurisprudence besides prohibits providers from exchanging a client to a different provider without the customer’s consent. The jurisprudence besides creates rate decreases for low-income consumers, such as senior citizens on a fixed income. Equally good as supplying for these consumer protections, the jurisprudence besides entices economic growing within the province by take downing the cost of making concern through lower electric rates. This lower cost of making concern due to take down electric rates will promote new employers, both big and little, to travel into Massachusetts, every bit good as promoting bing concerns to remain. In fact, in the period of clip the jurisprudence has been in consequence, it has spurred the prognosiss of new occupation growing, and in the old ages in front, is expected to make 1000s of new occupations throughout Massachusetts. However, even though the jurisprudence seems to hold many more benefits than it does negatives, it has come under recent unfavorable judgment. Many oppositions of the jurisprudence feel it is non making its designed intent, and consumer recoil was so great that at one point there where inquiries of whether or non the jurisprudence should be repealed. An organisation called # 8220 ; The Campaign for Fair Electric Rates # 8221 ; , backed by failed congressional campaigner John O # 8217 ; Connor and consumer advocator Ralph Nader, led the attempt to revoke the jurisprudence, naming it # 8220 ; the biggest consumer heist in Massachusetts history # 8221 ; . The large issue involved in the attempted abrogation was lawgiver traveling back on their promise to protect consumers by leting public-service corporations to retrieve 100 % of their bad investings. Because deregulating will do some public-service corporations to lose money on investings in power workss or on contracts they made when they expected to maintain selling power at a regulated monetary value, the inquiry becomes do they merit compensation for these # 8220 ; stranded costs # 8221 ; , which may near $ 200 billion nationally? For case, public-service corporations spent more than $ 5 billion constructing the Seabrook atomic works in New Hampshire, which produces 1,150 megawatts. In contrast, private developers have proposed more than 50 new workss, which combined would bring forth 30,000 megawatts, and the cost of these undertakings is estimated at somewhat more than $ 15 billion. The public-service corporations argue that public regulators approved those disbursals and that the province can non endorse out on them now, saying that many workss have already begun to set into action the new jurisprudence, including selling most of their power workss. Revoking the jurisprudence now, they argue, would make arrant pandemonium. Therefore, a proviso was written into the jurisprudence leting for public-ser vice corporations to retrieve all of their isolated costs over a 10-year passage period. While advocates of the jurisprudence were trusting for a 30 % rate decrease, of which two-thirds would hold come from consumers non holding to pay for most of the public-service corporations stranded investings, they will now hold to settle for a guaranteed 15 % rate cut, hopefully with more to come through competition. The inquiry now on everyone # 8217 ; s head is: has the jurisprudence served its intent and decreased electric rates? In a survey done by Standard and Poor # 8217 ; s DRI entitled # 8220 ; Economic and Environmental Analysis of the New Massachusetts Electricity Law # 8221 ; , released on September 2, 1998, it found that the new jurisprudence has triggered # 8220 ; significant economic and environmental benefits # 8221 ; . Harmonizing to the survey, electric rates will worsen by about 28 % by the twelvemonth 2010 as a direct consequence of retail competition and industry restructuring. The DRI predicts that consumers will salvage $ 470 million in 1998 entirely, and increases that estimation to at least $ 550 million per twelvemonth in future old ages as a consequence of the new jurisprudence. Besides, the survey predicts the Commonwealth to accomplish higher economic end product and employment growing triggered by the estimated $ 10 billion consumers and concerns will salvage on electricity costs. By 2010, there will be over 60,000 more occupations, a $ 19.6 billion addition in consumers # 8217 ; cumulative existent discretional income, and lower monetary value rising prices. All of this prediction appears to set the jurisprudence in a favourable visible radiation, but many want to cognize how it # 8217 ; s working now. Harmonizing to the Massachusetts Electric Company, its 970,000 clients have saved a sum of $ 67 million on their electricity measures in the first six months of the new electricity jurisprudence. On September 1, nest eggs for the company # 8217 ; s clients increased to more than 15 % , or a entire nest egg of $ 25 million per month, one full twelvemonth in front of the needed rate cut. This was due to the company # 8217 ; s affiliates selling their power workss. Therefore, by analyzing the early consequences of the new jurisprudence, along with projections such as the 1s provided by Standard and Poor, one can find that the deregulating of the electric industry has been long delinquent.